It’s always a good idea to check in with your child’s pediatrician if you’re having a hard time potty training, but these are some of the most common issues that pop up, along with expert advice for overcoming them:

If you try to introduce potty training and your child resists, make sure he’s ready. This list of readiness factors is a great guide. If he’s missing many items on the list, you may want to wait. If readiness isn’t the issue, he may be intimidated by the idea of peeing and pooping in a potty, which is normal. Try using some of these tips to help him feel comfortable with the idea.Resists Starting

Constant Power Struggles

If you’ve ruled out readiness and intimidation and your little one fights you simply because, well, he’s a toddler, stay calm. Experts warn that negative reactions like punishment and coercion around potty training can lead to constipation, urinary tract disorders and even phobias. If using the potty has turned into an all-out battle, consider a slow and steady, child-oriented approach. It may take a little longer, but it’s a good way to keep the process positive.

A Bump in Accidents

Sometimes after a long stretch of successful potty use, children suddenly start having accidents. Again, it’s important to stay supportive even though this can feel frustrating. Sometimes life stressors like starting school, a parent starting a new job, a new sibling, or any other change in routine can bring on a phase of potty accidents. Gently reintroduce potty-training activities until he gets back on track.

Refuses to Use a Regular Toilet

It may seem easier to start out with a potty seat that fits on top of a regular toilet seat. Some children are okay with this, but for many it’s too scary. They’re used to the feeling of pee and poop being close to their bodies. Letting it go into a big toilet and watching it flush away can be frightening. Try starting with a potty that sits on the floor, then transition to the toilet seat after your child is comfortable using the floor potty.

If he’s already using a floor potty successfully and he still pushes back on using the toilet, you may need to bump up the encouragement, praise and/or rewards. Putting a step stool in front of the toilet that he can put his feet on can also help him feel more comfortable and secure.

Refuses to Poop in the Potty

This is one of the most common potty training roadblocks. Don’t tell him to push or strain. This can cause fissures (tiny tears) or hemorrhoids on his anus, which can lead to him holding his poop, which can lead to constipation, which can lead to more hemorrhoids. Instead, several things may help here:

• Offer extra encouragement, praise and/or rewards.
• Use distractions that keep him on the potty and relaxed until the poop falls out. This could be special books or toys that only come out for potty time, or even just you crouching next to him and talking, singing, or telling a story.
• Allow him to poop in a diaper if that’s the only way he’ll do it. Let him know he can use a diaper but only in the bathroom. Next, he can use a diaper, but only while sitting on the toilet. Then, he can use a diaper while sitting on the toilet but only after you cut a large hole in it so the poop falls into the water. Phew, that’s a lot of work. But it’s very important that he poop regularly or else he may get constipated.

He Gets Constipated

If he does get constipated, mention it to his pediatrician. Chronic constipation can lead to serious health issues, so it’s important to get your tot pooping again as soon as possible. Oftentimes upping his fluid intake and adding high-fiber foods to his plate does the trick. Exercise can help keep bowels regular, so be sure he’s getting enough time to move his body. If these don’t do the trick, your pediatrician may prescribe medication.

Above all, try not to get discouraged. Potty training can be tricky, but these tips (and a lot of patience) can help you get to the other, diaper-free side.